Attention span is the amount of time spent concentrating on a task before becoming distracted.[1] Distractibility occurs when attention is uncontrollably diverted to another activity or sensation.[2] Most educators and psychologists agree that the ability to focus and sustain attention is crucial for a person to achieve their goals. Attention training is said to be part of education, particularly in the way students are trained to remain focused on a topic of observation or discussion for extended periods, developing listening and analytical skills in the process.[3]
Human Attention Span Over Time[edit]
Tom is a friendly bear, except when you can not concentrate. He will do his best to help you focus on something. Pomodoro Method and white noise will help you. Focus Timer (iOS) used to be called PomodoroPro, and is a pretty feature-rich timer for iPhone and iPad. You can customize work and break durations, review your work history to see how your focus. This Tamron has nothing in common with Nikon's 17-55mm f/2.8 DX or Canon's 17-55mm f/2.8 IS except for the f/stop and focal length range. Both the Nikon and Canon lenses have silent focus, superior IS and VR systems, and allow instant manual-focus override at any time simply by grabbing the focus ring — no switches required.
Estimates for the length of the human attention span are subject to high variability and depend on the precise definition of attention being used.
- Transient attention is a short-term response to a stimulus that temporarily attracts/distracts attention. Researchers disagree on the exact amount of the human transient attention span.
- Selective sustained attention, also known as focused attention, is the level of attention that produces consistent results on a task over time. Common estimates of the attention span of healthy teenagers and adults range from 10 to 20 minutes; however, there is no empirical evidence for this estimate.[4] People can choose repeatedly to re-focus on the same thing.[5] This ability to renew attention permits people to 'pay attention' to things that last for more than a few minutes, such as lengthy films.
Older children are capable of longer periods of attention than younger children.[6] An account, for instance, cited that the average attention span in children is: 7 minutes for 2-year-olds; 9 minutes for 3-year-olds; 12 minutes for 4-year-olds; and, 14 minutes for 5-year-olds.[2]
For time-on-task measurements, the type of activity used in the test affects the results, as people are generally capable of a longer attention span when they are doing something that they find enjoyable or intrinsically motivating.[5] Attention is also increased if the person is able to perform the task fluently, compared to a person who has difficulty performing the task, or to the same person when he or she is just learning the task. Fatigue, hunger, noise, and emotional stress reduce the time focused on the task. Common estimates for sustained attention to a freely chosen task range from about 5 minutes for a two-year-old child, to a maximum of around 20 minutes in older children and adults.[5]
After losing attention from a topic, a person may restore it by resting, doing a different kind of activity, changing mental focus, or deliberately choosing to re-focus on the first topic.
In a research study that consisted of 10,430 male and females ages 10 to 70, observed sustained attention time across a lifespan. The study required participants to use a cognitive testing website where data was gathered for seven months. The data collected from the study concluded that attention span is not a one singular linear equation, at age 15 it is recorded that attention span related abilities diverge. Over the course of the study, collected evidence additionally found that attention span peaks in humans early 40’s then gradually declines in old age.[7]
Measurement[edit]
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Many different tests on attention span have been used in different populations and in different times. Some tests measure short-term, focused attention abilities (which is typically below normal in people with ADHD), and others provide information about how easily distracted the test-taker is (typically a significant problem in people with ADHD). Tests like the DeGangi's Test of Attention in Infants (TAI) and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV (WISC-IV) are commonly used to test for attention-related issues in young children when interviews and observations are inadequate.[8] Older tests, like the Continuous Performance Test and the Porteus Maze Test, have been rejected by some experts.[8] These tests are typically criticized as not actually measuring attention, being inappropriate for some populations, or not providing clinically useful information.
Variability in test scores can be produced by small changes in the testing environment.[8] For example, test-takers will usually remain on task for longer periods of time if the examiner is visibly present in the room than if the examiner is absent.
Research[edit]
In an early study of the influence of temperament on attention span, the mothers of 232 pairs of twins were interviewed periodically about the similarities and differences in behavior displayed by their twins during infancy and early childhood. The results showed that each of the behavioral variables (temper frequency, temper intensity, irritability, crying, and demanding attention) had a significant inverse relationship with attention span. In other words, the twin with longer attention span was better able to remain absorbed in a particular activity without distraction, and was also the less temperamental twin.[9]
One study of 2600 children found that early exposure to television (around age two) is associated with later attention problems such as inattention, impulsiveness, disorganization, and distractibility at age seven.[10][11] This correlational study does not specify whether viewing television increases attention problems in children, or if children who are naturally prone to inattention are disproportionately attracted to the stimulation of television at young ages, or if there is some other factor, such as parenting skills, associated with this finding.
How well a parent can capture and keep a two-year-old's attention on a toy may be more important than just a pleasant way to pass the time. 'By successfully focusing a young child's attention on objects during free play, parents may be giving their child practice in using attention as a way to shift into a positive emotional state,' said Raver. 'We found that children whose parents actively directed and maintained their child's visual attention spent more time distracting themselves away from a source of distress.' In one study, Raver observed 47 urban low-income mothers and their two-year-olds for ten minutes of free play, analyzing how much the pair kept each other's attention. The mother then left the room for four minutes and trained observers noted how the child managed his/her emotions. After the mother returned, the experimenter placed a new toy out of reach of the child, stating that the child could have it in a few minutes after the experimenter returned to the room. 'Both strategies were effective for delaying gratification, maintaining behavioral self-control and modulating feelings of distress,' said Raver.[12]
Modern society[edit]
Some authors, such as Neil Postman in his book, Amusing Ourselves to Death, believe that the attention span of humans is decreasing as use of modern technology, especially television, increases. Internet browsing may have a similar effect because it enables users to move easily from one page to another. Most internet users spend less than one minute on the average website.[13] Movie reviewer Roger Ebert, an active blogger and 'Tweeter,' wrote of the effect of technology on his reading habits and his search for frisson on the web and in life.[14] Ebert cited Nicholas Carr's June 2010 Wired magazine article. This article summarizes UCLA professor Gary Small's study, which used an MRI scan to measure the differences in the cerebral blood-flow of six participants, three 'experienced Web surfers' and three 'novices,' while they performed tasks with 'goggles' and a 'handheld keypad.' First, participants searched Google for 'various preselected topics,' resulting increases in prefrontal cortex activity in 'experienced Web surfers' to be higher than that of the 'novices.' Second, participants read text with the goggles, resulting in no significant differences in brain activity between the two groups. Afterwards the 'experienced Web veterans,' spent an hour a day online for five days, the study found no significant difference between the two groups. [15]
See also[edit]
- Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
References[edit]
Focus Timer 2 8 Volt
- ^Beger, Rudolf (2018). Present-Day Corporate Communication: A Practice-Oriented, State-of-the-Art Guide. Singapore: Springer. p. 18. ISBN9789811304019.
- ^ abSchaefer, Charles; Millman, Howard (1994). How to Help Children with Common Problems. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson Inc. p. 18. ISBN9781568212722.
- ^Maconie, Robin (2007). The Way of Music: Aural Training for the Internet Generation. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 100. ISBN9780810858794.
- ^Wilson, Karen; Korn, James H. (5 June 2007). 'Attention During Lectures: Beyond Ten Minutes'. Teaching of Psychology. 34 (2): 85–89. doi:10.1080/00986280701291291. S2CID42876908.
- ^ abcCornish, David; Dukette, Dianne (2009). The Essential 20: Twenty Components of an Excellent Health Care Team. Pittsburgh, PA: RoseDog Books. pp. 72–73. ISBN978-1-4349-9555-1. OCLC721335045.
- ^Ruff, H.A.; Lawson, K.R. (January 1990). 'Development of sustained, focused attention in young children during free play'. Developmental Psychology. 26 (1): 85–93. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.26.1.85.
- ^Fortenbaugh, Francesca C.; DeGutis, Joseph; Germine, Laura; Wilmer, Jeremy B.; Grosso, Mallory; Russo, Kathryn; Esterman, Michael (2015-08-07). 'Sustained Attention Across the Life Span in a Sample of 10,000'. Psychological Science. 26 (9): 1497–1510. doi:10.1177/0956797615594896. ISSN0956-7976. PMC4567490. PMID26253551.
- ^ abcBanhatti, Rajeev (2004). 'Attention and Mental Health'. In Dwivedi, Kedar Nath; Harper, Peter Brinley (eds.). Promoting The Emotional Well-being of Children and Adolescents and Preventing Their Mental Ill Health: A Handbook. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. pp. 87–92. ISBN978-1-84310-153-6. OCLC54906900.
- ^Wilson, R.S.; Brown, A.M.; Matheny, A.P., Jr. (November 1971). 'Emergence and Persistence of Behavioral Differences in Twins'. Child Development. 42 (5): 1381–1398. doi:10.2307/1127905. JSTOR1127905. PMID5167837.
- ^Christakis, D.A.; Zimmerman, F.J.; DiGiuseppe, D.L.; McCarty, C.A. (April 2004). 'Early television exposure and subsequent attentional problems in children'. Pediatrics. 113 (4): 708–713. CiteSeerX10.1.1.554.172. doi:10.1542/peds.113.4.708. PMID15060216.
- ^'How TV can 'rewire' brains of tiny tots'. The Washington Times. 18 April 2004. Retrieved 23 October 2008.
- ^Lang, Susan (3 December 1996). 'Toddler's Attention Affects Social Competence' (Press release). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University. EurekAlert! (American Association for the Advancement of Science). Retrieved 2 November 2016.
- ^'Turning into digital goldfish'. BBC News. 22 February 2002. Retrieved 23 October 2008.
- ^Ebert, Roger (29 May 2010). 'The quest for frisson'. Chicago Sun Times (blog). Archived from the original on 1 June 2010. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
- ^Carr, Nicholas (24 May 2010). 'The Web Shatters Focus, Rewires Brains'. Wired. Vol. 18 no. 6. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attention_span&oldid=984103140'
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Lab Test Results
Blur
Chromatic Aberration
Vignetting
Geometric Distortion
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Panasonic 12-35mm f/2.8 II Review
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by William Brawley
Review published:May 17, 2018
Introduction
For most photographers' kits, a 24-70mm zoom is a must-have. Debit & credit money manager 2 5 1. This versatile zoom range is an all-in-one solution for a wide variety of subjects, from landscapes and travel shots to portraiture and pretty much anything in between. Add in a constant f/2.8 aperture, like on the Panasonic 12-35mm f/2.8 II here, and you have an even more well-rounded lens that's good for low-light as well as better subject isolation than slower zooms.
As for the Panasonic 12-35mm f/2.8 II, in particular, this 'Mark II' lens is a refresh of Panasonic's earlier 12-35mm (24-70mm-eq.) high-end X-series zoom. Announced at CES 2017, the 12-35mm f/2.8 II is a relatively minor refresh of the previous 12-35mm lens, offering and updated exterior design -- a sleek black finish and updated lettering -- as well as Dual I.S/Dual I.S. 2 image stabilization compatibility on supported Lumix cameras. The AF system is also upgraded with new linear motors that support Panasonic cameras with 240fps AF drive sensors, and the lens uses a newer aperture control mechanism that allows for smoother, more even aperture changes while panning or zooming during brightness changes.
The Panasonic 12-35mm f/2.8 II is a highly versatile lens for Panasonic shooters, for both photographers and videographers alike, and Micro Four Thirds users deserve to consider this model if they need a high-end 24-70mm -eq. f/2.8 lens. With top-notch performance, excellent image quality and excellent build quality, the Panasonic 12-35mm f/2.8 II earned the top prize for Best Standard Zoom of 2017 in our annual Lens of the Year awards. Read on below for our detailed lab analysis of this excellent standard zoom lens.
Sharpness
Overall, sharpness is excellent with the 12-35mm f/2.8 II lens, at both 12mm and 35mm, and even at f/2.8. Compared to the earlier version of the lens, there isn't much difference in sharpness performance -- not that there was much room for improvement anyway. The old and new versions offer tack-sharp performance at most aperture settings. At f/2.8, we see excellent sharp centers, with ever-so-slightly softer corner regions. Corner sharpness improves slightly if you stop down to f/4-5.6. The lens remains very sharp throughout most of its aperture range, with diffraction-related softness starting to appear to a minor degree around f/16 and more strongly at f/22.
Chromatic Aberration
Like the earlier version, the 12-35mm II offers excellent control against chromatic aberrations. As before, we measured slightly stronger CA at the wider end of the lens, but it's still very minimal CA, averaging well under three-hundredths of a percent of frame height through the lens' aperture range. As you zoom to longer focal lengths, the measurable CA drops significantly, with 35mm displaying extremely little CA.
Distortion
Again, given the optical similarities between the old and new version of the 12-35mm, it's no surprise that geometric distortion is nearly identical. As a wide-angle lens at the short end, the 12-35mm exhibits some minor barrel distortion at 12mm. And it is indeed minor, at well under 0.5% on average. Zooming out towards the middle-range focal lengths, distortion becomes practically imperceptible, while at the long end, there's a bit of mild pincushion distortion out in the corners.
Vignetting
Vignetting is also similar, showing some noticeable corner shading at the wider apertures. At 12mm f/2.8, we measured the strongest amount of vignetting, between 0.5 and 0.75 stops of shading. Wide open at 35mm also displays similar, if not slightly less vignetting, at just over 0.5EVs of falloff. The other focal lengths also exhibit some degree of vignetting when shot at f/2.8, while all focal lengths display reduced vignetting as you stop down. Regardless of focal length, after stopping down past f/5.6 or so, vignetting is at its minimal (around or slightly under 0.25EVs of corner shading), but never entirely disappears.
Autofocus
The Panasonic 12-35mm f/2.8 II uses an internal-focusing design much like the original version, but also now utilizes linear motors to help with speed and accuracy as well as keep focusing nearly silent. Panasonic states that AF tracking performance has been improved as well. In our testing, AF performance was very fast and very quiet. Nice!
The lens uses an electrical focus-by-wire system, so the focusing ring on the lens will rotate freely while in AF mode. Full-time manual focus is available, though you'll need to control that setting via the camera body itself, as there is no AF/MF switch on the lens.
Macro
This lens isn't specifically designed for macro photography, and only provides average macro capabilities -- just 0.17x magnification (0.34x / 1:2.9 35mm eq.), with a minimum close-focusing distance of just under 10 inches (25cm).
Handling & Build Quality
In terms of design, handling and build quality, the new 12-35mm f/2.8 II is very similar to its predecessor. The exterior finish and the styling of the letters and marking are updated, but the overall shape, size and weight remain unchanged. Physical dimensions are the same at just under three inches long and 2.6 inches in diameter (73.8mm x 67.6mm), and the weight is the same as well, at 0.67 pounds (305g). The Mark II keeps the same 58mm filter thread size as well, and also features the same circular 7-bladed aperture diaphragm.
Optically, the layout is identical, with 14 total elements situated into nine groups. The lens includes one UED (Ultra Extra-Low Dispersion), one UHR (Ultra High Refractive), and four aspherical elements. It also uses Nano Surface Coating to help prevent ghosting and flair.
Build quality is, as expected, really superb. The barrel is constructed from metal for durability and also includes extensive weather-sealing, including a gasket around the lens mount. The lens is compact and lightweight yet still solid-feeling. Despite the bright, constant f/2.8 aperture, the 12-35mm f/2.8 II remains characteristically small, which is one of the primary benefits to the Micro Four Thirds system.
The lens features a focusing ring and a zoom ring. The zoom ring is the larger of the two (just under an inch wide) and uses a rubbery with raised ridges for a secure grip. The lens doesn't have any issue with zoom creep, and the zoom rotational action is very smooth with just the right level of firmness.
The focus ring is smaller and composed of plastic with raised ribs. The focus ring will turn forever in either direction, with no hard stops to indicate a focus limit, even in manual focus mode.
The lens ships with a small petal-shaped, bayonet-mount lens hood. The hood is about 1.5 inches in length and can be reversed onto the front of the lens for storage.
Alternatives
Perhaps the most obvious alternative to the 12-35mm f/2.8 II is the original version of the zoom. However, as the Version 2 is its direct replacement, the older model is not likely being made by Panasonic any longer, and is no longer available for purchase as new from retailers such as B&H or Adorama.
For new, currently manufactured alternatives, the closest option would be over in the Olympus camp, the 12-40mm f/2.8 Pro. Offering a bit more telephoto reach than the Panasonic option, with a 24-80mm-eq zoom range, the Olympus nevertheless still gives you excellent image quality and a constant f/2.8 aperture. However, the Olympus lens doesn't offer optical image stabilization, and unless you have one of the few more recent Panasonic bodies that offer IBIS, you won't have any image stabilization features if you opt for the Olympus lens.
Now, if you don't mind losing the constant f/2.8 aperture and want to stick with Panasonic lenses for your Panasonic camera body, the Panasonic 12-60mm f/2.8-4 Leica is a great option. Offering a 24-120mm-eq focal length range, the 12-60mm is inherently more versatile as an all-on-one lens solution; and you get an f/2.8 lens at the wide-end of the zoom range, which is nice. The lens offers fast, linear-motor-powered AF, built-in image stabilization, weather-sealing, and it's $100 less expensive than the 12-35mm f/2.8 II. It's a great all-around lens if you don't need a constant f/2.8 aperture. We've yet to test this lens in our lab, but customer ratings are so far very positive, praising its image quality, versatility and build quality.
Lastly, if you're really budget-conscious or just want an incredibly small zoom lens that has a similar focal length range, it's definitely worth considering the pancake-esque, retractable Panasonic 12-32mm f/3.5-5.6 lens. Despite often being sold as a kit lens, the 12-32mm lens is very sharp throughout its zoom range, and even when used wide-open. Vignetting is a little stronger at 12mm, but overall it's very good optically. Obviously, the biggest downside compared to the 12-35mm II is the aperture range, which is variable and much slower on the 12-32mm at f/3.5-5.6. This makes the lens not a strong performer for low light tasks, but it still manages to offer optical image stabilization, which helps. The most significant advantages, however, are its absolutely tiny size as well as its significantly lower price point of just around $300.
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Conclusion
Although not significantly different than the older model (seems like Panasonic took a bit of a 'if it ain't broke, don't fix it' mindset here), the 12-35mm f/2.8 II is a reliable, high quality, classic zoom lens for really any Micro Four Thirds owner, not just Panasonic owners. The styling has been updated and modernized, and a few areas worth improving have been updated, primarily adding Dual I.S. and Dual I.S. 2 compatibility. Overall, Panasonic's versatile 24-70mm-eq f/2.8 zoom remains small, light and ruggedly built while still offering excellent image quality and great AF performance. At around $900, much like Olympus' 12-40mm f/2.8 Pro, it's not a cheap lens by any means, but it packs the features and performance that advanced photographers and videographers demand. If you need a single, solid lens that's ideal for landscapes, travel, street photographer, portraiture and more, the Panasonic 12-35mm f/2.8 II is an excellent choice.
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Panasonic12-35mm f/2.8 II ASPH POWER OIS LUMIX G X VARIO
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Panasonic 12-35mm f/2.8 II ASPH POWER OIS LUMIX G X VARIO User Reviews
10.0/10average of 1 review(s)Build Quality10.0/10Image Quality9.0/10
- 10 out of 10 pointsand recommendedbyPrime Minister(46 reviews)Compact, Lightweight, Stylish, Sharp, Good contrast, Good colours, Fast aperture, Fast AutofocusIt's compact and lightweight, it has good image quality, excellent stabilization and it looks good too. What more can you ask for in a standard zoom lens? I love this little lens. I prefer it over the Olympus 12-40mm because it's more compact and I like the overall design better. Are prime lenses superior? Yes, they often are, but this is a zoom.reviewed September 25th, 2018(purchased for $600)
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